Her achievements included a theory of radioactivity, techniques for isolating radioactive isotopes, and the discovery of two elements, polonium and radium. Under her direction, the world's first studies were conducted into the treatment of neoplasms, using radioactive isotopes. She founded the Curie Institutes in Paris and in Warsaw, which remain major centres of medical research today. During World War I, she established the first military field radiological centres. While a French citizen, Marie never lost her sense of Polish identity. She taught her daughters the Polish language and took them on visits to Poland. She named the first chemical element that she discovered – polonium, which she first isolated in 1898 – after her native country.

During World War I, Marie saw a need for field radiological centres near the front lines to assist battlefield surgeons. After a quick study of radiology, anatomy and automotive mechanics she procured x-ray equipment, vehicles, auxiliary generators and developed mobile radiography units, which came to be popularly known as petites Curies. She became the Director of the Red Cross Radiology Service and set up France's first military radiology centre, operational by late 1914. Assisted at first by a military doctor and her 17-year old daughter Irene, she directed the installation of twenty mobile radiological vehicles and another 200 radiological units at field hospitals in the first year of the war. Later, she began training other women as aides. In 1891, she went to Paris to continue her studies at the Sorbonne where she obtained Licenciateships in Physics and the Mathematical Sciences. She met Pierre Curie, Professor in the School of Physics in 1894 and in the following year they were married. She succeeded her husband as Head of the Physics Laboratory at the Sorbonne, gained her Doctor of Science degree in 1903, and following the tragic death of Pierre Curie in 1906, she took his place as Professor of General Physics in the Faculty of Sciences, the first time a woman had held this position. She was also appointed Director of the Curie Laboratory in the Radium Institute of the University of Paris, founded in 1914. Her early researches, together with her husband, were often performed under difficult conditions, laboratory arrangements were poor and both had to undertake much teaching to earn a livelihood. The discovery of radioactivity by Henri Becquerel in 1896 inspired the Curies in their brilliant researches and analyses which led to the isolation of polonium, named after the country of Marie's birth, and radium. Mme. Curie developed methods for the separation of radium from radioactive residues in sufficient quantities to allow for its characterization and the careful study of its properties, therapeutic properties in particular. Curie died in Savoy, France, after a short illness, on July 4, 1934.

Betty crossing the finish with a big smile In 1928 Robinson represented the United States at the Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer Games as one of the first female Olympians in the history of the modern games, it was also the first Olympics where a torch was lit and Coca-Cola sponsored. The inclusion of women's sports was still heavily disputed among the officials, but Robinson ignored the negativity and reached the final where she won with another world record-equaling time. At age 17 she was the inaugural Olympic champion in the 100 m event. But her IX Olympiad experience wasn't over. Robinson raced on the American 4 x 100 meters relay team which placed second, adding a silver medal to her collection.

Life seemed to be going perfectly for this bright-eyed smiling athlete. But sometimes that's just when the rug get pulled from underneath our feet or the skies falls on our head. Or in Robinson's case, your plane falls from the sky.In 1931 Betty was involved in a bi-plane crash in Chicago where she sustained a severe concussion, a crushed arm and a broken leg. But it could have been worse. In fact, the guy who discovered her among the wreckage thought she was dead! He carefully carried her to his car and drove her to an undertaker. Imagine his shock when the undertaker said she was indeed not dead but rather in a coma. Robinson awoke from the coma seven months later and spent another six months in a wheelchair with pins in her leg. In an inspiring demonstration of courage, drive and hope Robinson worked for two years to walk normally again, thus missing the 1932 Olympics held in her home country.

But Betty never gave up. Although she was unable to kneel due to her injuries, Robinson headed back to the track and earned a sport on the 1936 Summer Olympics. During the final heat the US squad was running a fierce race just behind the heavily favored Germans, but the crowd gasped when the Germans dropped the baton. This mistake allowed Robinson, who successfully handed off the baton to her teammate Helen Stephens, to win her second Olympic gold. Retiring after the Berlin Olympics, Betty Robinson remained involved in athletics as an official. She later married and lived a long, happy life before passing away at age 87 from cancer and Alzheimer's disease. Live like a Betty Life's "Hard-Knocks 101" courses can be tough and come at less-than-desirable times. But we can all take a lesson from Elizabeth "Betty" Robinson. When the unexpected occurs, just keep running. Keep moving forward and don't give up. Take the time you need to heal and grow stronger from it. Don't quit. Don't become bitter. Dig deep and find the champion inside. Someday someone is either going to write a book or make a movie about this incredibly inspiring woman! Just remember, you read about her here first.

The 29-year-old Manipuri boxer luckily made the cut after her quarterfinal nemesis Nicola Adams of England defeated Russia's Elena Savelyeva in the semifinals. But she returned without a medal from the Women's World Boxing Championships for the first time since its inception in 2001. The mother-of-two boxer usually fights at light flyweight (48kg) level but changed to flyweight (51kg), so that she can participate in the Olympics and was therefore punching above her weight. She has qualified for the Olympics by finishing as one of the top two Asian boxers at the world championships.

Mary Kom ensured India's best medal haul at the Olympics by reaching the women's boxing semifinal at the London Games. Today, the girl from Manipur will face the toughest bout of her life when she takes on British pugilist Nicola Adams in the 51 kg semi-final at the Excel Arena. Kom has already created history by becoming the first Indian woman to guarantee an Olympic boxing medal. A victory here would engrave her place among sporting legends in a country where heroes are hard to come by. But to achieve the target, Kom will have to overcome a series of obstacles on and off the ring. A five-time world champion in the 48 kg category, today's bout would perhaps be Mary Kom's biggest test in life. Things would not be smooth against Nicola. One of the biggest British hopes for a gold medal, the local supporters went wild over the 29-year-old Leeds girl's easy victory over her Bulgarian opponent in the quarter final. There is every possibility the number of Nicola fans would outnumber the Mary Kom backers at the Excel.

All said and done, on current form, the British girl holds a slight edge in Wednesday's bout. What could really go against Mary Kom is her body weight. She has moved up from 48 to 51 kg to realise her dream of participating in the Olympics. But she could never gain enough weight to match her rivals. It was evident when she lost in the Asian Games and the World Championships. It's not that Mary Kom is unduly worried. Nicola is a good boxer; she even beat me in the World Championships. But Kom is working hard, and her fans are praying for her and she fight for the nation. She will not leave an inch. "Mary Kom is a five-time world champion and you've got to be special". "It was the tough match but she has the height and reaches advantage and she tried to use all her attributes." The Indian camp is worried that Mary Kom, like her men counterparts, could be a victim of poor supervision.

He lifted the sagging spirit of the Indian camp with a silver medal in 25m rapid fire pistol at the Royal Artillery Barracks here on Friday. In the lottery of a new format in which the qualification scores do not count for the final tabulation, the 26-year-old Vijay was like a rock in the final in which the reigning world champion Alexei Klimov of Russia went without a medal despite shooting a world record 592 in qualification. Competing in his maiden Olympics, the 26-year-old Vijay started brilliantly with a perfect five, as he shot the targets in four seconds with a touch of assurance, and kept up the tempo going till Leuris Pupo of Cuba had confirmed the gold with an unbeatable total of 34. It was an anticlimax that Vijay shot only two when fighting for the gold, but even a five would not have helped his cause at that stage, as Pupo, in his fourth Olympics, had ensured the best medal by shooting four. Vijay had qualified with a score of 585 that had placed him fourth among the six finalists. He had shot 293 on the first day of the competition, and followed that with a 292 in the morning, with scores of 98, 97 and 97 in the 8, 6 and 4-second series respectively.

In the normal course, it might have been difficult to catch up after conceding a 7-point lead, but in the new format it was just important to shoot a good score to make the top-six. In the final, Christian Reitz of Germany and Zhang Jian of China were the first two to go out after 20 and 25 shots respectively. With the medal assured on a good performance, Vijay shot four, and pipped Klimov who had to go out despite shooting a perfect 5, in what proved to be his last series, as he was one point less than the Indian and the Chinese Ding Feng, while the Cuban was two points ahead of the other two. The Russian had shot two in the fourth series and was paying the accumulated penalty.

Vijay shot four to the three by the Chinese to ensure the silver, much to the delight of the huge contingent of Indian supporters. The effort of the army subedar, who hails from Himachal Pradesh, can be better appreciated if we note that three-time gold and two-time silver medallist Ralf Schumann of Germany went without a medal in his seventh Olympics, as he shot 577.Vijay had figured in the 12th spot in the ‘super 25’ compiled for the event by the international federation, based on the performances in the last Olympic cycle. Only 18 shooters made it to the Olympic in rapid fire pistol.

He had won two silver medals in the World Cups in rapid fire pistol and finished fourth in the World Cup finals, but had not won a medal in the event in the last Asian Games. Quite interestingly, Vijay had been awarded the bronze medal in the Doha Asian Games, despite finishing fourth, as the rules did not allow the award of three medals to one country (China) then.Vijay had also asserted his versatility in the last Asian Games when he won the individual bronze medals in air pistol and centre-fire pistol. He had won three gold medals in the Commonwealth Games at New Delhi.Scaling Olympian heights, without making substantial claims in the world championship or the Asian Games, has revealed his strong nerves.

The 96.3 minute orbit had an apogee of 619 km and a perigee of 563 km, at an inclination of 50.7 degrees. It was built to conduct experiments in X-ray astronomy, aeronomics, and solar physics. The spacecraft was a 26-sided polygon 1.4 m in diameter. All faces were covered with solar cells. A power failure halted experiments after 4 days in orbit. All signals from the spacecraft were lost after 5 days of operation. The satellite reentered the Earth's atmosphere on 11 February 1992. The satellite's image appeared on the reverse of Indian 2 rupee banknotes between 1976 and 1997. The objectives of this project were to indigenously design and fabricate a space-worthy satellite system and evaluate its performance in orbitr and to evolve the methodology of conducting a series of complex operations on the satellite in its orbital phases.

To set up ground-based receiving, transmitting and tracking systems and to establish infrastructure for the fabrication of spacecraft systems. The exercise also provided an opportunity to conduct investigations in the area of space sciences. The satellite carried three experiments, one each in X-Ray Astronomy, Solar Physics and Aeronomy.

Other features include 10 vertical folding doors with fire sensors, which will enable automatic opening of doors to facilitate mass evacuation in case of fire. Also parts of the system are retractable chairs, imported from China, which withdraw within seconds, enabling quick evacuation at the end of the Games. Built over an area of 16,000 square meters, the Thyagaraj Stadium has been built with the latest green building technologies and eco-friendly material. "This is our first green stadium and it is the only one which has been constructed right from the scratch with Commonwealth Games in mind.

The stadium would be equipped with a gas panel for energy supply. Currently solar energy is being used for lighting purposes. The stadium features effective water management systems such as rainwater harvesting and sewage treatment with two lakh liters a day capacity. "There is no doubt that it is one of the finest multipurpose stadiums in the world". Even after the CWG is over, this stadium can be used to host badminton, Table Tennis, basketball tournaments. We have spent enough money and also the projects due for the Games would be completed on time. This is the only stadium for the games which has been constructed right from the scratch to host netball. It has been constructed as per green building concept.

Prior to O'Connor's appointment to the Court, she was an elected official and judge in Arizona. On July 1, 2005, she announced her intention to retire effective upon the confirmation of a successor. Samuel Alito was nominated to take her seat in October 2005, and joined the Court on January 31, 2006.

O'Connor tended to approach each case narrowly without arguing for sweeping precedents. She most frequently sided with the court's conservative bloc.

On July 7, 1981, Reagan who had pledged during his 1980 presidential campaign to appoint the first woman to the Court nominated O'Connor as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, to replace the retiring Potter Stewart. For the first time in history a woman is appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court, where she becomes a friendly rival to a liberal associate. O'Connor was successfully treated for breast cancer in 1988, she also had her appendix removed that year. One side effect of this experience was that there was perennial speculation over the next seventeen years that she might retire from the Court.

After Kamsky won the World Cup, there was ongoing uncertainty about the location for the Challenger match. Topalov preferred his home country of Bulgaria, while Kamsky wanted to play in a neutral country, and his manager organized a bid from Lviv, Ukraine. FIDE awarded the match to Bulgaria in February 2008, to Ukraine in June 2008, then back to Bulgaria in November 2008 because of problems with finances from Ukraine. Kamsky got a new manager, and met with FIDE and Topalov representatives during the Chess Olympiad,[11] and on 19 November 2008, FIDE announced that the players had agreed to play in Bulgaria, despite Kamsky's preference to play elsewhere. The match was originally scheduled for November 2008, but the late change to Bulgaria forced the match to be rescheduled for 16–28 February 2009.

The match was one of the least controversial in memory. Once Anand had actually arrived in Sofia after travel problems and started the match everything was about the moves on the board. Anand went out of his way to praise the organization and the toughness of Topalov in the final press conference. Topalov's "Sofia rules" policy meant that all the games were played out, he relaxed a bit towards the end taking a draw in a dead drawn position without repetition, and in general I have to admit it worked out well for the watching public. I don't believe however it should be added to the rules for next time. It was Topalov's wish to play to the end that was all that mattered. Topalov prospered in simplified endings that his policy produced. The opening battle was interesting. Anand managed to keep changing the opening discussions enough to avoid deep computer preparation but Topalov's preparation was also good enough to meet these changes. Topalov's over-the-board aggression befitted his role as challenger. The contrast in styles produced fascinating chess, well worth studying.

The match, consisting of a dozen games, was played in the Bulgarian capital Sofia over the last twenty days. Anand received the first-place prize. The awards ceremony was attended by the Bulgarian prime minister, Boyko Borisov, and the international chess federation FIDE's President Kirsan Ilyumzhinov. Going into the last game, both sides had two wins apiece, and seven draws. However, the Bulgarian's manager, Silvio Danailov, told the Dnevnik that Topalov played the last game "rather nervously", saying: "A draw would have been a good result for him but he made a few mistakes and the Indian exploited them.”Anand deserved to win the match. Vesko played this last game rather nervously. A draw would have been a good result for him but he made a few mistakes and the Indian exploited them," Topalov's manager Silvio Danailov told Dnevnik daily. "This was a historic match for Bulgaria. The country was in the spotlight for millions of people worldwide who love the game. We should be happy and proud that we organized this event."

Federal Bureau of Investigation placing bin Laden on its Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list. Fazul Abdullah Mohammed would be credited for being the mastermind behind the bombings. The two embassies were both bombed at the same time by truck bombs. The bombings were the work of a local cell of Al Qaeda. Al Qaeda was led by Osama Bin Laden 213 people were killed in Nairobi including 12 Americans. In Dar es Salam 12 people were killed. In response President Clinton ordered cruise missile attacks on suspected Al Qaeda targets in Sudan and Afghanistan.

The bombings are widely believed to have been revenge for American involvement in the extradition, and alleged torture, of four members of Egyptian Islamic Jihad (EIJ) who had been arrested in Albania in the two months prior to the explosions.[4] Between June and July,Ahmad Isma'il 'Uthman Saleh, Ahmad Ibrahim al-Sayyid al-Naggar, Shawqi Salama Mustafa Atiya and Mohamed Hassan Tita were allrenditioned from Albania to Egypt, with the cooperation of the United States; the four men were accused of participating in the assassination of Rifaat el-Mahgoub, as well as a later plot against the Khan el-Khalili market in Cairo.[5] The following month, a communique was issued warning the United States that a "response" was being prepared to repay them for their interference.

On August 7, between 10:30 am and 10:40 am suicide bombers in trucks laden with explosives parked outside the embassies in Dar es Salaam and Nairobi, and almost simultaneously detonated. In Nairobi, approximately 212 people were killed, and an estimated 4,000 wounded; in Dar es Salaam, the attack killed at least 11 and wounded 85. Seismological readings analyzed after the bombs indicated energy of between 3–17 tons of high explosive material.[15] Although the attacks were directed at American facilities, the vast majority of casualties were local citizens; 12 Americans were killed,[16] including two Central Intelligence Agency employees in the Nairobi embassy, Tom Shah and Molly Huckaby Hardy, and one Marine, Sergeant Jesse Aliganga, a Marine Security Guard at the Nairobi embassy. In response to the bombings, President Bill Clinton ordered Operation Infinite Reach, a series of cruise missile strikes on targets in Sudan and Afghanistan on August 20, 1998, announcing the planned strike in a prime time address on American television.

The attack on the U.S. embassy in Nairobi destroyed the embassy and killed 12 Americans and 201 others, almost all Kenyans. About 5,000 people were injured. The attack on the U.S. embassy in Dar es Salaam killed 11 more people, none of them Americans. The US in cooperation with the government of Tanzania has since broke ground on a new embassy. The US has also indicted Osama Bin Laden as the mastermind behind the embassy attacks and offered a five million dollar reward for his arrest and conviction. The US attacked Sudan and Afghanistan with cruise missiles as a response to the attacks on the embassies. The US attacked an alleged chemical weapons producing plant in Sudan with 13 cruise missile which resulted in the death of the night watchmen. This attack has come under a great deal of criticism because there has been no corroborating evidence to support the attack. The Afghanistan attack came in the form of over 70 cruise missile at three separate terrorist camps. This attack killed an estimated 24 people but failed to get Osama Bin Laden.